History Reading and Such Questions

1) What are the three branches of government and what are the powers of each?
Legislative - Comes up with laws and show representation of states in Congress
Executive - Approves or vetoes laws, head of the country including the president as well as vice president and cabinet. President acts as commander-in-chief for armed forces/military.
Judicial - Court system, deals with the issuing the laws to the people so they can receive justice fairly.

2) How can these branches check and balance each other?
The Legislative branches can propose new laws, however, the Executive branch must review these and can decided whether or not they actually become laws. If the executive branch vetoes, then the Legislative can reverse the veto if it has enough support backing it. There must be a large majority for this to take place, but it can proceed if given enough help. There are many others for each branch to the other two.

3) What were the compromises to the constitution?
Slaves were to be counted as 60% of a person or 3/5. Also, the great compromise was Roger Sherman's idea of having two houses of Legislature that ensured an equal amount of senators for all states, as well as the House of Representatives that was based on a state's population.

4) Who wrote the Federalist papers?
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

5) What was the Bill of Rights? Why did some states demand its inclusion before they ratified 

the constitution?
It was an attachment to the Constitution that clearly stated the rights of the citizens so that the governments could not abuse their power. It was this reason that some states wanted it in the Constitution because they wanted to know that the government couldn't go corrupt and assume ultimate control over its citizens.

6) What were the anti-federalists main fears about the constitution?
That the document would take away the very thing they fought for in the Revolution. Their liberties were being taken from them they felt. The rich were to be catered to more than the common people as well, and as such, the Antifederalists were more inclined to agree with strong local governments that were close to a people.

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1) Discuss the significance of Thomas Jefferson's quote: "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing...God forbid that we should ever be twenty year without such a rebellion...The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants."
Because the fact that the citizens act upon certain things that happen in the government means that they are concerned with their country and care. The fact they rebel is 

2) Why did Shay's Rebellion happen?
Because the government was promising pensions and compensations for the soldiers that fought in the revolution and they weren't getting them. The veterans were also farmers and were getting tired and fed up with the lack of payment, so they came together and started a rebellion.

3) The constitution is "a political creation, hammered together in a series of artfully negotiated compromises. Discuss these compromises.

4) What was the Virginia Plan?
Bicameral plan to split the Legislature with the House of Representatives and Senate.

5) "No person held in service" was a euphemism for what?
The 'S' word - Slaves  :O

6) List the basic Powers and Checks of the three branches of the government.
Legislatures could write bills, but the executives had the final say whether it became a law. If vetoed, the legislatures can in turn hold a vote of 2/3 majority in order for them to overrule the president's rejection. Then the executives can appoint Supreme Court Justices, yet the Legislatures can check that and make sure they're good or not, and the Judicials can make sure each action taken by the Legislatures and the executives is within the realm of legalism stated in the Constitution.

7) Who wrote the Federalist Papers and why did they write them?
- Alexander Hamilton
- John Jay
- James Madison
They wrote the papers to persuade the (landowning) public to accept the idea of a strong federal government that was being proposed in the Continental Congress' meetings.

8) Briefly outline the first ten amendments.
1. Freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
2. Right to bear arms.
3. No more housing soldiers in the houses of citizens.
4. No unreasonable search and seizures without warrants.
5. Cannot be tried for the same crime twice-various other court rights
6. Fair and quick trial
7. Right to a trial by jury
8. No cruel and unusual punishment
9. Rights of citizens
10. State's rights cannot be interfered with by the Federal Government

9) Who could vote in the first election (what parts of the population)?
The rich, landowning population. (Whites of course, No girls allowed, no Indians)

10) How did Washington D.C. come be located on the banks of the Potomac?

11) What did Jay's Treaty do?

12) What was the "Whiskey Rebellion" and how was it put down?
The farmers were tired of their whiskey being taxed, as it was a very profitable item for their economy. To counteract their loss of profits, they stormed in with a rebellion that was met with George Washington along with the largest regiment of troops he'd ever assembled there to shock the irate farmers. This made it so that no one would be rebelling any time soon as Washington had sent a symbolic message through this event.

13) Describe the election of 1800? How was it finally resolved?
 
14) Who was John Marshall?
The Supreme Court Judge appointed by James Madison at the end of his presidential term. 

15) Why did France sell its North America possessions (the Louisiana territory) to the U.S.?
Because Napolean wished to start an empire and he had a plan in place and the land to carry it out in. But when he set out to establish this empire, his men came down with yellow fever and a number of other variables led to a large cost to his cause. He abandoned his plan due to his inability to keep up with the payments of it and in turn sold Louisiana and Westward lands to America.

16) What did Lewis and Clark do? Describe their journey?
They traveled west and explored the land purchased from the French by Jefferson. They traveled to many locations, met many natives, and sent back some amazing research and findings. 

17) How did Hamilton incur the wrath of Aaron Burr? Was he right in what he did? How did the ordeal end?
He did whatever he could to prevent Burr from being president/vice-president. He wanted everyone to vote for Jefferson instead of him because he felt that Burr was a tyrant/untrustworthy man. Burr was furious and challenged him to duel which resulted in Hamilton succumbing to a fatal gunshot wound. And it would seem that Hamilton did

18) What was Jefferson's Embargo Act? Why was it unpopular and what was it suppose to do?

19) What did Tecumseh try and do?
He tried to build an Indian Alliance so they could stand up to the United States and prevent westward expansion.

20) Describe the Battle of Tippecanoe?
American victory. General William Henry Harrison, future president, annihilates the Indian retaliation

21) Most historians call the War of 1812 a draw. Why?
No progress was made, both sides sign a treaty that really puts them back to the state they were in before the war. No mention of impressment is made, which is the reason USA joined the forces. No side receives an advantage, people just died to put it simply. OH yeah, and they burned the White House. :(

22) Describe the Battle of New Orleans.
British attack the Americans led by Andrew Jackson in a completely lopsided battle leaving British with 2000+ dead, and 18+ American casualties. Oddly enough, this battle was fought a good week or two after the treaty was signed that ended the war. Nonetheless, it is still counted as an American victory...but it kind of was a waste of time. :O 

23) What did the Monroe Doctrine state?
America will not tolerate European powers in the Western Hemisphere. It was the final step toward American Independence and it put itself at the head of fixing all problems in that part of the world. They figured that Russia, Spain, Britain, etc. weren't necessary, because the Americans were feeling truly independent.  

24) What was the Missouri Compromise?
Missouri could be a slave state, but nothing north of the Mississippi state could. Southerners were worried that they would lose power if there wasn't an equal amount of free states as there were slave states in the Congress/House of Reps.

Free States: Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont.

Slave States: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North/South Carolina =, Tennessee, Virginia.

25) How was the election of 1824 decided? Why was it called a "corrupt bargain"?
Clay pushed the electoral college to vote for Adams instead of Jackson, who won the population vote, and lead to Adams being president with Clay becoming the Secretary of State. 

26) List some of the labels attached to Andrew Jackson.
A murderer, adulterer, and his mother was a prostitute.

27) Was Andrew Jackson an Indian hater? What did the natives call him? What "Indian Wars" did he fight in and what was the outcome? What was his native "policy" as President?


28) How did Jackson come to symbolize the common people?
His movement was a grassmovement. He changed the voting system in the western states, and removed the prerequisite of owning land in order to vote. He really worked for the common people and the everyman, which made a lot of people like him. 

Chapter 6 Questions - - - Trip Homework! D:

SECTION 1
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1. Write a short paragraph in which you define the following terms: NEUTRAL, MERCENARY, and RECRUIT.
In order to win this next battle, General Bilbo had to recruit--or enlist--many new soldiers. Unfortunately, there were no more young people willing to fight for Bilbo's cause. Bilbo needed to find some people who were neutral to his conquest, or didn't feel biased towards one side or the other. He took a trip to Australia to see if he could find any mercenaries there, soldiers who could be hired to help without their own opinions or attitudes conflict with whatever side they have been hired. With 5,000 Australian mercenaries, General Bilbo still lost the battle and was shot in the left foot three times. 

2. Compare the strengths of the British and the American military forces.
The British had a certain strength in numbers and supplies. They outnumbered the troops in many battles and after the Battle of Long Island, the Continental Army suffered a shortage of goods and items to keep their soldiers fed, clothed, and armed. However, the land was more familiar to the Americans and reinforcements/supplies were a long way away for the British. 

3. What problems did the Continental Congress face in raising an army to fight during the American Revolution?
The sheer lack of supplies that killed so many due to illness and weather-relating ailments. The soldiers weren't serving for long terms either, and there wasn't a big incentive to fight given the advantage the British had. At one point, African Americans had to be enlisted in order to make a firm military presence in the American land, but the South was very hesitant about giving guns to the blacks. 

4. Explain why African Americans were willing to enlist in the Continental Army.
Because they either, like the Americans, felt a strong Patriotic vision for the future of the country, they were in need of some money, because they were runaways, or because they were promised freedom if they fought.


5. Re-create the chart below and describe each battle, including its outcome, in the space provided.
Long Island - : This battle showed the Continental Army with less than 20,000 troops, putting them at an early disadvantage against the British who had many more supplies and soldiers than them. Because of this, the British had an easy victory, along with the capture of Nathan Hale, who was caught posing as a Dutch schoolteacher, spying on the Redcoats. He was later hung and delivered the classic line: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."
Trenton/Princeton - : This battle was a cheap-move, which had George Washington leading his troops towards a surprise ambush on the British soldiers housed in New Jersey. The general idea is that war is suppose to cease in the winter, or slow down, but no fighting should occur on Christmas Day. However, Washington chose to ambush on Dec. 25th, breaking all codes of honour, which led to an easy victory for the Americans, leading to the capture of over 900 Hessians. Before Britain had time to send reinforcements, Washington was already gone! :O


SECTION 2
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1. Write a short paragraph in which you define the terms: DESERT and INFLATION correctly. Use standard sentence structure and spelling in your paragraph.
Many of Mr. Ronald's students began to desert his class and were caught playing hookie outside of the schoolhouse. They were scared because he was teaching economics and told them that the amount of money 

2. Explain why the French did not publicly support the Americans until after the Battle of Saratoga.
Because they were unsure whether or not the Americans were able to pull out a victory. Once they started giving money secretly and the Americans won at Saratoga, the French began to publicly announce their alliance because they knew they were on the winning side at that point. 

3. How were the Loyalists treated by the Patriots during the war?
Obviously not very well. Their neighbours would shun them, beat them, throw things at them, arrested, sent to court, and even killed in some rare cases.


4. The Americans claimed to fight for liberty and freedom. How did these ideals make women and enslaved Africans question their positions in society?
The women felt that they had just as much access to fighting for liberty as men did. They wanted to be a part of the Revolution as well as get the same education as men. Of course this didn't really bode well for them as this was such a preposterous idea back in the time. The War also led to the Americans to begin questioning slavery, which gave Africans a more equal standpoint on fighting for liberty and freedom.

5. Re-create the diagram below and describe what happened when the Continental Congress tried to finance the war by printing money.

Printing money: -> Too much paper money being printed at one time.
                        -> Value of paper money plummeted due to the little amounts of silver/gold backing them up.
                        -> Paper money kept being used due to the lack of any other method of paying for war costs.

SECTION 3
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1. Write a short paragraph in which you use the following terms: BLOCKADE, PRIVATEER, and GUERRILLA WARFARE.
There were many merchants that were hired as privateers to empower the navy. However, it proved useless once the opposing forces put up the blockades, preventing any trade or travel outside the city lines. After long tribulations, it came down to guerrilla warfare, which consisted of them setting their boats on fire and disrupting the blockade allowing passage.

2. Explain why most Native Americans sided with the British in the conflict.
Because they believed that they posed much less of a threat to them than the Americans did.

3. How did the British navy use the location of the colonies to their advantage?
They set up a blockade outside the American cities so that no one could enter or leave.

4. Why was guerrilla warfare effective against the British?
Because it caught them off-guard. It made it easy for the Americans to fight with small groups that could easily evade British squadrons while still remaining effective in taking out numbers of redcoats.

5. Re-create the diagram below and describe the results of the Battle of Guilford Courthouse.

Battle at Guilford Courthouse -> Cornwallis abandons Carolina campaign.
                                             -> Huge hit to the British forces.
                                             -> Greene forced to retreat.


SECTION 4
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1. Use each of these terms in a sentence that will help explain its meaning: RATIFY and AMBUSH!!!
The jungle people ambushed the group of explorers, surrounding them and pointing spears towards their throats. Once they were captured and taken back to the village, the adventurers desperately tried to work out a peace treaty. Thankfully, the jungle leader ratified, or approved, or the treaty and sent the explorers on their way.

2. Describe how the French navy helped George Washington at Yorktown.
The large ships came in a supplied Washington with over 5000 troops. The second fleet came in and turned the tide of the battle after the British had trapped the first regiment. Washington made a complicated strategy that was successful because of the French naval forces coming in as backup.

3. What influence did the American Revolution have around the world?
It lead to the French Revolution in 1789 who wanted the same liberties and freedom that Americans were fighting for. Saint Dominigue had a similar revolt by the African slaves who took up arms against their French owners. 

4. What might have happened if the French fleet had not arrived at Yorktown?
The Americans would have had a larger disadvantage in numbers and the British could've escape by sea if the second fleet had not enclosed them in. 

5. Re-create the diagram below and describe the terms that the Americans agreed to in the Treaty of Paris.

Treaty of Paris:  -> Great Britain recognized America as an independent nation.
                         -> Americans got all land west of the Mississippi, and From Canada to Florida.
                         -> British troops left American land.
          ->Americans allowed to fish on Canadian waters.
          ->British merchants could collect American debts.
          ->Property taken from Loyalists had to be given back.

Chapter 5 Section 2 Notes and Stuff

          The British began to push out laws that the colonists of America were getting angry at. Everything wasn't going so well and the major events coming from this were catastrophic to the colonist's view of their former leader. 
Starting in 1768, the customs officers began noting that the colonist's were angsty and informed the King about such behaviour. Tensions rose when England sent regiments of Redcoats into America which lead to a flurry of anger and chaos. First of these benevolent acts, was the Boston Massacre on March 5th, 1770. This event was used against the British when Sam Adams and Paul Revere made propaganda posters and convinced most of America to start boycotting British imported goods. 

           British retaliated with the Tea Act in 1773 which put more of the colonists in a stir. The Sons of Liberty acted against them by throwing all the tea out of the harbour in the Boston Tea Party in December, 1773. 

           More acts followed, the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Acts which pushed the Americans over the edge. They began referring to them as the Intolerable Acts and it was very annoying to them. Most of them were committed to rebellion at this point, and the war was just months from starting!!!

Say You Want A Revolution Notes

King Philip's War - summer of 1676 ~ Metacom/King Philip
     Vicious war/Mohegan Indians vs. the English.
More of a genocidal mission than a war. 
Grandson of the same Indian man who contributed to the survival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth is sold into slavery...


Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion
~ 1676
~ Governor Berkeley
     limits colonist expansion! Hinders growth!
~ Bacon raises troops abd goes to kill Indians. Berkeley declares Bacon an outlaw. Bacon retaliates by burning down Berkeley's house. This causes British troops to come. Bacon dies of dysentery while before he was captured by the opposing forces. 


THEME: Government limiting power to a people. (Lead up to revolution!)


Salem Witch Trials
~ Demonstrates the power of religion in the governments.
~ Important: shows the dangers of the Church/state connection.
~ Started by three girls being strange, fulfilling their own amusement. 20 people died. :(
~ When church is the law, then people will be put to death for religious reasons and judgement will be less logical, causing corruption & accusations.


The Great Awakening
~ Jonathan Edwards sparked a widespread, religious revival in the 1740's.
     Wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."
~ Leads to the founding of many universities: Princeton, Brown, Rotgers, Dartmouth, among others. All very high-ranking schools in the modern day. (EXPENSIVE) O_o
~ Divisions of Church/State
~ Spirit of religious tolerance.


John Peter Zenger and his Printing
~ Put on trial for printing "advertisements" or political cartoons in 1732.
~ Freedom of the press.
~ Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton and won the case.


French and Indian War - (Lots of notes on a different post...)
~ The defining battle for world domination between British and French.
~ Things don't go the English way. They had more colonists in America than the French. However, the French had better relations with the Natives, and were more organizing. The English had more greed for land and goods than the French did. 
~ Need to Know: William Pitt --> Pittsburgh! :O
     Recognized for the conquest of North America.
     Capable of borrowing/raising money to win the war. Thinks not of the future, which leads to overproduction to force out the opposer, yet leaves tons of debt later.
Other Generals vital to winning the war:
James Wolfe
Jeffery Amherst <-- first person to practice biological warfare. Intentionally gave blankets to the Indians that were infested with small pox. :(
Small pox kills at least one-third of Washington's soldiers at Valley Forge.


Taxation
No one likes taxes! 
Colonists believed that the local governments were the only ones to taxes them. The King had no right to tax them to pay for the French and Indian War.


Sugar Act
Met with protests. Not as easily seen as Stamp act.



Townsend Acts
Follows the Stamp Act.


Stamp Act
Everything printed: Reels, Marriage certificates, playing cards, letters. All taxed and the colonists went nuts! Riots, Governor Hutchinson's house destroyed by a mob. Officers that issued stamps were run out of town and burnt. 


Tea Act
Tea act acted as a way for Britain to help the East Indian Company to survive as a business.


Intolerable Acts
~Close down Boston Harbor. 
No imports for the colony. 
~Revoked the Massachusetts Charter. 
The land is now the property of the King and there is no local command/government anymore. Insult to the colonists. Colonists forced to quarter soldiers in their houses without consent. 
~ Administration of Justice Act
People who rebelled would be tried in English since the colonists would be biased to putting their peers on trial. 
~ Quebec Act
Gave lands of the Ohio country to Quebec, which is French territory. HUGE INSULT TO THE AMERICANS! The land was the main reason the colonists wanted to get the French out of the area. Severely limits Westward expansion. 






Boston Tea Party
Throw the tea off the ship! Sons of liberty organized this in accordance to the tea act. 


Sons of Liberty - Group set up by Samuel Adams


James Otis - Comes up with the statement "No taxation without representation!" Has mental problems, not as important to the Revolution as others.

Crispus Attucks - One of the five killed in the Boston Massacre. Only one of the group that was African-American.

Paul Revere - Made the Boston Massacre propaganda poster. Most famous for riding in the middle of the night shouting and screaming about the British arrival.


Shot Heard 'Round the World - Lexington & Concord `-` April 1775
~ 77 militia men from America against the British army of 4000+ troops.
~ Americans start employing the guerilla warfare of the Indians, shooting the British army from cover such as trees and palisades. This drives the English forces back to Boston. America is just being unfair... >:[

Massacre at Mystic ~_~

1. How would you describe relationships between the Puritan settlers and the Pequot
before the Pequot War? Why do you think these relationships changed so quickly? 

There was a little tension between each other because they were a little scared of these people that they have never seen before. But there was relative peace between them due to trade system.

2. Before the arrival of the British, what was the status of the Pequot in the
Connecticut River Valley? How would you describe their relationships with other
Native American tribes?
They had rivalries with the Narragansett and the Mohican who later joined the colonists in burning down their village.

3. Why did the Puritans travel to the New World? What were their intentions upon
arrival?

They wanted to come and purify the church, and spread the religion in uncharted territories.

4. Compare and contrast Puritan and Pequot ideas about the following: land and
property, division of labor and gender, and warfare? Give examples to back up
your discussion.
Pequot people had women do work and were treated as equals. Puritans felt this demeaning and thought the Pequot women were babying their men who were actually out in the fields hunting for food. The land was there for the natives to live in and wasn't a possession for any man, but the Puritans felt that they could own the land. They also figured that the land occupied by the natives was fair game since they believed that no one can truly own an area without manipulating the land to grow crops or build housing on.

5. In this program, one commentator suggests that the Dutch colonists favored trade,
while the British prioritized land. How did the difference in focus shape their
interactions with Native Americans, and their goals in the New World?
The Dutch were viewed better by the natives since they had cooperation with each other that was excellent. They gave them the goods they needed and got the same in return.

6. Why were British settlers unhappy with the way Pequot organized their economy
and relationship to the land? Do you think there was any validity to their concerns?
Who do you think, if anyone, ultimately had the right to decide who should
control the land?
Because they figured that no one could really own the land until they cultivated it and readied it for a harvest season. If they didn't build anything or use it to feed themselves/others it was fair game. So the British people felt they could swoop in and take it for themselves and claim it by establishing farms. They also felt that women shouldn't be equal and doing the work that men should be doing. The men were also viewed as spoiled because they looked like they were being 'babied' even though they were out in the fields hunting and gathering and coming home in the late hours. The natives should have a say in who deserved control over the land, however, the native people felt that no one could control or own the land. Since the natives had led their lives in that continent for a considerably long time, they should have higher priority over the new British colonists.   

7. Why do you think the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes fought with the Puritans
against the Pequot? Were you surprised by their actions? Discuss. 

Because they were long time rivals. This isn't surprising because if you asked the Joker to team up with you and your army to take out Batman and Robin, it's highly unlikely that he'd say no.

8. One commentator, Tall Oak, ponders how the early colonies would have been
different if the Puritans had come in peace. How would you answer this question?
Do you think a different outcome in relations between the Pequot and the Puritans
was possible?

They wouldn't have been so hungry for land and control. They could have spared the Natives and made companions which would have given them a boost in supplies and necessities. A different outcome was very possible if the colonists just focused on building a strong settlement in the

9. How did the Pequot manage to resurrect their community hundreds of years after
the massacre? How do you think it would feel to go from devastation to prosperity?
There were a very small number of ancestors that made it out of the burnt village. They had been given a piece of land by the government several years after the massacre and many people banded together to make it a prosperous group. It grew and grew and grew and started to resurrect what was thought to be a long lost culture. Pretty soon, the tribe started to become wealthy and build casinos! 

10. Describe the details of the 1638 Treaty of Hartford, which ended the war. Why
was the treaty considered to be cultural genocide for the Pequot? 

It stated that all the men who fought against the English in the war who didn't already die, were to be sold into slavery around other colonies or in the Caribbean. Women and Children who survived were to be given as servants to the Mohican and Narragansett tribes.

11. What sources do you think historians used in order to recount the story of the
massacre at Mystic? What sources might you use if you were trying to create a
documentary about the early colonies? Do you think this documentary offers a
balanced and informed view of the massacre? Discuss.
Tales/stories/lore/journals of the surviving tribes such as the Narragansett of the Mohicans. Perhaps they had records or personal booklets of those Puritans who burned the Pequot village. This Tall Oak fellow might have a few stories that have been passed down through many generations from his elders that managed to escape the horrible event.

12. How did the massacre at Mystic change the United States?

[It gave us casinos!] It provided the colonists with a solution to the natives taking up space in the new world. They could easily commit genocide, freeing up the land that had been occupied by the Pequot people, allowing the settlements to grow/prosper. 

Happened in 1637

May 26, 1637

Turning Point: John Oldum being murdered and it being blamed on the Pequot.

Stuff we did when Fielding was missing...

8. Why did the colonial population grow rapidly?
Because they had a big industry in farming tobacco in 1619. This caused a big jump in the population because people thought the opportunity to get rich was too good to pass up so they all flocked to the new world, bringing families and slaves with them. 

9. What differences existed between the Tidewater planters and the backcountry farmers of the South?
The soil, the yield, the amount of profit that was made by exporting their product. 

10. What was the Great Awakening?
An increase in religious activities and 'enthusiasm' throughout the colonies. 

11. What immigrant groups settled in Pennsylvania?
The Quakers led by William Penn. Others flocked to the colony once they spread the word of being a place where any religion could be practiced freely.

12. How did the soil in the Middle Colonies differ from that in New England? What did that mean for the two regions?
It was better suited for agriculture and had better climate. This meant New England could only grow enough to get by for themselves, and the Middle Colonies could afford to harvest a little extra to sell/export to gain a little extra profit. 

13. What was the Iroquois Confederacy?
A enormously powerful group of allied native tribes in the New England Colonial region. They protected each other from rival tribes and banded together to share goods, weapons, and knowledge. The members were the Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Onandaga, and Cayuga, but the Tuscarora joined them later in 1720. 

14. What was England's reason for the Navigation Acts?
To prevent other countries from trading with the American Colonies so England could have total control over colonial development and structure.

15. What was the Enlightenment?
A cultural movement that sought to advance knowledge in the masses. They felt that this could make society better and produce better, smarter people who would observe nature, solve problems, and invent beneficial things that contributed to American life.

16. What North American Land claims were the French forced to give up in the treaty of Paris?
Canada and a large portion of the lands that fell east of the Mississippi River.

17. Why did the Proclamation of 1763 cause friction?
Because the Appalachians being the western boundary, made people who owned land or had invested in land past that landmark lose out. They got even more angry when England refused to answer them when they were asking for their land back. This influenced a big chunk of the tension that boiled over leading to the Revolution.

THE TOOSDAY Study Questions...

1. Use each of these terms in a sentence that will help explain its meaning: SUBSISTENCE FARMING, TRIANGULAR TRADE, CASH CROP.

"My family owns such little land in this quaint pasture in Massachusetts. We really wish we could make money off the land, but we are limited to subsistence farming which keeps us fed. If only we had the space to grow a cash crop and get involved with the triangular trade, then we'd be very wealthy and I could pay for my son and daughters' college tuition." 

2. Identify the various economic activities carried on in the Middle Colonies.

Farming, while hugely important in all colonies, was far more successful in the Middle Colonies than in New England. The Middle Colonies were also great ports to transport/export their cash crops such as wheat over to England, Africa, or the West Indies.

3. How did New England's natural resources help its commerce?

Their water resources helped power their mills for producing grain and lumber. There was also a lot of space to set up small business for experienced craftspeople. Shipbuilding was nice with the nearby forests providing an abundance of wood. Fish were very plentiful as well giving New England a big fishing economy.

4. How did farming in New England compare with farming in the Southern Colonies? Usa a chart like the one below to answer the question.

Differences:

NEW ENGLAND: Smaller farms, many colonists relied on their children to do labour, farmed for sustaining families

SOUTHERN: Bigger farms, more slaves, farmed for profit/trade

5. How do you think plantation owners in Southern Colonies justified their use of enslaved Africans?

The slaves had been part of their culture and contributed to the success of the economy by producing the crops for them in mass quantities. Without them, there wouldn't be such a big, strong Southern export trade.

6. Study the map on page 103. What goods were traded from the British Colonies to Great Britain? From West Indies to the British Colonies?

~Colonies to Britain~ --> Rice, Tobacco, Indigo, and Furs.

~West Indies to Colonies~ --> Goods and Molasses

History Class notes (Tried to write what I could of the others...)

DONOVAN'S
Columbus was financed by the king and queen of Spain after being turned down by the kings of Portugal, England, and France. Columbus set sail on August 3, 1492 from Palos, Spain on the Santa maria, Nina and the Pinta. At 2:00 am in October 12, Columbus spotted what he assumed was the indies. In ????, Columbus discovered the Arawak's tobacco farming. The discovery of tobacco was extremely important to the English colonies due to the profit that kept them alive and fueled the search for new land. Columbus left volunteers in the New World whilst he sailed back to Spain. Columbus's arrival also marked the beginning of one of the cruelest episodes in human history. Due to columbus's obsession for gold, he quickly enslaved the local population. After constantinople's fall in 1453, the spice route ended that served the economic lifeline for Mediterranean Europe. Europe's currency changed to gold after while emerging form the middle ages. Led by Prince Henry the Navigator, he and two other great Exploreres (Dias, and Pico de Gama) navigated a sear route to the Indies. The flat earth idea ceased by the time Columbus had sailed. In order to reach the Indies, Columbus estimated he would have to sail 3,000 miles but in reality, he would've had to fly 10,600 miles. The true discoverer of the Americas was Leif Eriksson in 1000 A.D. 500 years before Columbus,

On December 20, 1606, 104 colonists left port aboard three ships, Susan, Constant, Godspeed and Discovery, under captain John Newport. The crew reached Chesapeake Bay in May of 1607 and founded Jamestown. In a few months, 51 of the party were dead, crazed, many of the remaining colonists deserted to the Indians and even resorted to cannibalism.
            In 1619, women are sent over from England, the Virginia Company and Governor Yeardley of Virginia summoned an elected legislative assembly --> the House of Burgesses which met in Jamestown that year. Portugal was most likely the the first colony to enslave African-Americans. By the 1600s everyone was enslaving blacks. The protestant Reformation played a crucial role in the split of the Roman-Catholic church and the colonization of many colonies as it did when Queen Elizabeth ruled. The Mayflower Compact is rightly considered the first written constitution in North America. Under the rules of Massasoit, the Indians became loyal friends to the Pilgrims and it was Massasoit's braves who were invited to the October feast.

JAMESTOWN: Founded by the Virginia Company in 1607. Worked by wealthy men not used to working. So many of them died due to the change in lifestyle.

1619: Women, slaves, and self-government

Plymouth Rock: 1620



Tobacco is very important and was discovered in about 1555, pertinent to survival especially to the Jamestown and like colonies. United States is somewhat founded on tobacco.

In 1492 Columbus sort of discovered America
August 3rd 1492 Columbus sailed out of Spain with three ships (duh)

October 12 the crew threatened to mutiny aboard the Pinta when a lookout named Rodrigo sighted moonlight shimmering on some cliffs

MANDA'S
Leif Eriksson reached America and established a colony around 1000 AD
Vinland is present day Newfoundland
Giovanni Caboto (John cabot)
People arrived America 30-40 thousand years ago.
People cam over from Russia over the land bridge to Alaska.
Seeking warmer climate the moved south killing the mamoth along the way.
When columbus arrived there were millions of first Americans
They were divided into hundreds of tribal societies the most advanced being
Had the English not defeated the Spanish Armada they would never have come over to the new world and aided in the discovery of America.
1499 Amerigo Vespucci sailed for South America and landed in the Amazon.
1585 Sir Walter Raleigh tried to establish a colony on a Roanoke Island.
1586 Sir Francis Drake found the colonist hungry and went back to England to fetch supplies.
1590 Raliegh returned to Roanoke and no one was there.
1605 Two groups of merchants formed the joint stock company and petitioned King James 1. for the right to colonize Virginia.
The virginia company of London was given southern Virginia
Plymouth company got northern Virginia
They were looking for gold, silver, and copper.
December 20, 1607, 104 colonists left Engliand under Captain John Newport and reached Chesapeake Bay in May, 1607 and founded Jamestown.
Captian John Smith joined Bartholomew Gasnold in 1605 to venture into Virginia.
John Rolfe married Pocahontas which created peace between the Natives and Jamestwon.
In 1612 Rolf crossed Virginia tobacco with a seed from a milder Jamaican leaf.
House of burgesses founded in 1619.
Mayflower Compact - First written constitution in North America
Squanto saved the settlers from starvation in the following spring after their arrival.
Samoset helped the Pilgrims make peace with Massasoit and the Wampanoag.
1630 John Winthrop established Massachusetts Bay Colony.
1634 200 settlers arrive at Chesapeake Bay and found St. Mary's in Maryland.
1682 William Penn founded Pennsylvania
Founded to be a safe haven for the Quakers.
1607 Virginia (Jamestown)
1620/1630 Massachusetts Bay Colony plymouth was founded in 1620 mass as a whole was founded in 1630.
Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608.

Founded colonies:
1626 New York
1633 Maryland
1636 Rhode Island
1636 Connecticut
1638 Delware
1638 New Hampshire
1653 North Carolina
1663 South Carolina
1682 Pennsylvania
1664 New Jersey
1732 Georgia

JADE'S
OMG!
1492 sailed
Spain was fueled by an appetite for gold and fear of Portugals lead in exploration.
Columbus kept a reward which did not belong to him for spotting land.
Land was Samana Cay
Only gold found was in the earrings worn by the Natives
Enslaved Arawaks

Europe Thirsty For
Ponce De Leon first Euro, to set foot on future land.

America Named after Amerigo Vespucci - an Italian sailor/explorer.
Europeans killed 90% by disease in the name of progress.
1576 Sir Humphrey first used the term NW Passage to describe a sea routh around North America as he continued to search for a route to China
1612 - John Rolfe brought tobacco
1619 - Women, self-government, slaves in Jamestown.

Land owning white males composed a council of law with a governor at its head.
Lured byu prospect of land 6000 came over in 1624. 

Starting of Slave Trade: Portugal had 10 black slaves, 50 years before Columbus.
Spain became a major trader.
20 Africans brought over to Jamestown by Dutch slaver ship.
1630: John Winthrope Founded Massachusetts.
1 year after Burgesses first met, the pilgrims founded the second permanent English settlement.
Ghristopher Jones captain of Mayflower did not folllow the correct path, followed a more Westernly route.
Perotestant Reformation in England meant turbulent religious times.
Some English were catholic, others were not.
Puritans through Church of England was too close to Rome so they separeated.

Pilgrim really land at plymouth rock.
Brief exploration of Cape Cod then continued on.
Found a broad round harbor they recognized from John Smith's maps.
December 16 the Mayflower passengers reached their new home.
No Mention of Plymouth Rock in any historical account.
At least 100 years later the rock was carved.
Who started NY: Dutch founded New Netherland in the Hudson Valley. Hudson himself was in explorer in 1609 who staked claims was looking for NW Pssage.

French Reached America: Temporary settlements in New Foundland 

Blog Questions:
1. Trade route to India for spices.
2. Because it would be a huge boost in the economy and create a respectable amount of wealth.
3.  It caused turmoil towards traders in the Holy land which caused many traders and explorers to venture west to avoid Jerusalem and Israel and do trade with China/Japan in order to escape taxation and ridicule when journeying towards the Oriental territories.
4. It saved Jamestown/Virginia colonies, because they sold the crops to England and it really boosted the economy and increased the settlement size, by bringing more Europeans that come over to work, as well as African slaves. It also acts as currency for a short time in the earl colonies. Women are bought in pounds of tobacco in 1619. People realize that they can get free land and make money of of this wonder-crop.
5. The Mayflower Compact, the House of Burgesses, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
They need to set up self-government because they really don't want to be controlled by the King royalty. Sending messages over the sea thousands of miles was a really inefficient way to rule people. There was too much of a delay, so laws and order needed to be in place for people to stick together in a structured manner so that they can work together and make their colony prosperous.
6. Some colonies, particularly Pennsylvania were founded on the idea of freedom of religion and tolerance of all faiths. These places were sought after as a refuge by many people, especially those who were prosecuted in England.
7.
8.
9.
10.
 

History Colony Table

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Massachusetts, founded in 1620          Religious Freedom
                                           1630          Religious Freedom
     Founded by John Carver, John Winthrop, and William Bradford
New Hampshire, founded in 1620       Profit from trade and fishing
     Founded by Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason
Rhode Island, founded in 1636            Religious Freedom
     Founded by Roger Williams
Connecticut, founded in 1635              Profit from fur and trade, farming, religious and                                                               political freedom
     Founded by Thomas Hooker
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MIDDLE COLONIES
New York, founded in 1624                 Expand Trade                        
     Founded by Dutch settlers
Delaware, founded in 1638                  Expand Trade
     Founded by Swedish settlers
New Jersey, founded in 1638               Profit from selling land
     Founded by John Berkeley and George Carteret
Pennsylvania, founded in 1682            Profit from selling land; religious freedom
     Founded by William Penn
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SOUTHERN COLONIES
Virginia, founded in 1607                     Expand Trade
     Founded by John Smith
Maryland, founded in 1634                  To sell land; religious freedom
     Founded by Cecil Calvert
North Carolina, founded in 1660          Profit from trade and selling land
     Founded by a group of eight aristocrats
South Carolina, founded in 1670          Profit from trade and selling land
     Founded by a group of eight aristocrats
Georgia, founded in 1733                     Religious freedom, Protection against Spanish Florida, safe                                                        home for debtors
     Founded by James Oglethorpe
'

Carolinas --> 1663 =-= Set up by Charles II
          1680 --> Clarkstown founded
          1708 --> 1/2 population are slaves. (Produce tobacco, timber, tar, and indigo.)
          1729 --> North and South Carolina split! :(

Georgia --> 1733 --> Setup to give a place for debtors to go and start life again. For Britian it offered a buttress of between Spain and the rest of the Colonies. Founded by James Oglethorpe.

Maryland --> 1632 --> Georger Calvert, Lord Baltimore sets up Maryland as a Catholic colony. It didn't stay Catholic for long, as Protestants moved in.
          1729 --> The city of Baltimore is founded.

New Jersey --> Duke of York gave the southern part of his colony to John Berkeley and George Carteret. This becomes New Jersey! >:D
          1702 --> New Jersey becomes a Royal Colony

New York --> New Amsterdam (Founded in 1621) :O
          1664 --> British send a fleet to take New Amsterdam. It is taken without resistance. King Charles gives the Colony to his brother, the Duke of York, who eventually renames it "NEW YORK!"
          1691 --> Peeps were allowed to set up a legislature (self-government).
Freedom of religion, most diverse population, Germans, Swedes, Dutch, Natives, Puritans.

Pennsylvania --> William Penn asked King Charles for land in payment for a debt he owed his father. This land was to act as an experiment and a place where Quakers could go.
          1682 --> Philadelphia was founded.
          1701 --> Charter of Liberties set up self-government for the colony.
          1704 --> Delaware splits form Pennsylvania. Swedes, Dutch, English live there now.

Other People we need to know: Jacques Marquette, Sievr La Salle

Places we need to know: San Antonio, San Diego, Quebec, Montreal

The Questions... ><>

Section 1

1. The Virginia Company, which was a joint-stock company for a very long time, was about to die out. It was successful in the beginning, but the burgesses got really angry at one of their assembly meetings. Several of the member's began throwing their large, wooden chairs at one another. All this tension made them realize that they were starting off government poorly in the New World, so they decided to take out their aggression on the Virginia Company by killing them and taking possession of the charters they owned.

2. Because they had people investing in them, much like people invested in Christopher Columbus as we read in Zinn. These companies had a lot of profit to be had and the settlements they established instantly turned into gold harvesting, fur trading, and fish catching towns.

3. John Rolfe and his knowledge of growing tobacco.

4. So they could return gold and other intricate resources and valuables back to his kingdom to fulfill his own greed, but by also allowing them to claim new land and keep a small portion of the goods to provide an incentive for working for him over the seas.

Section 2.

1. Four Puritans dissented from their original band of brothers and fled off to go find a settlement in the desert to the West. They hoped to start a new church making them Separatists and traitors to the Mayflower Compact. One of the former Puritans stated, "I've little toleration for English ways, I hope they all get polio and give birth to horses. My new family and I will lead a new life as pilgrims of the west." After these statements were made, the four men were hunted down by the King's special mercenaries.

2. So they could escape oppression/persecution and find a place to practice their religion freely without being disturbed or slaughtered/burned/crucified/stoned/tarred-and-feathered.

3. It gave full religious freedom, and did not force people to worship in a certain way.

4. They were both big steps in the move towards American self-government and they both benefitted the well-being of the community/colony by pledging the loyalty of the people and detailed how the town would be organized.

Soapy-Ness

Soap!

S - Sources
- Who wrote the document?
- What is the author's background point of view?
- Whose point of view, given the topic (that might be informative), is missing?
- Do you consider the source a reliable one on this topic? Why, why not? 
O - Occasion
- When was the document written?
- What does the date of the document tell you about its content?
- What other historical events were going on during this time? 
A - Audience
- To whom is the author writing?
- What type of documents is this? (Diary entry, personal letter, public speech, etc.?)
- Does the private public nature of the document inform you about its content? (is the author sharing private thoughts, making a public pronouncement, etc.?) 
P - Purpose
- Why was the document written? What is the purpose of the document?
- What is the document saying?

Reaction to Zinn ~~

Christopher Columbus was an awful person! :(

I never really thought much of the man who is credited with discovering America, but after reading A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn, I think he should've been thrown into a fire pit and had a bucket of poisonous scorpions dumped down his throat.

Seriously though, the things he would do to the native people were just horrendous and it's a little sad to know that our country's history started with such senseless murdering. Beheading little children for fun, cutting off peoples' hands if they didn't fill the impossible quota of gold, and taking women and children as sex slaves out of boredom; I can understand why history is taught leaving these things out. Children think it's pretty awesome and inspiring to know that our country started when a man made a silly mistake trying to sail to China. Turns out, he found America and made friends with the Indians and they all lived happily ever after!

That story sits with me better than the countless slaughtering and extinction of several Native American tribes that actually did happen. (According to Zinn and de las Casas) I'm glad I wasn't taught this in Kindergarten, but I'm pleased that I learned the cruel reality of such a historic milestone and how it actually occured.

History Review Questions (1st POST!)

1) Create a chart with a list of Native Americans according to each region. For this chart give dates (if possible) for the raise and fall of the group. Also, include major achievements of each group.
Inupiat, Yupik, Inuit = Arctic Region
Tanalina, Cree, Ojibway, Onondaga = Subarctic Region
Blackfoot, Crow, Mandan, Sioux, Cheyenne, Omaha, Osage, Pawnee, Mound Builders, Wichita, Chickasaw, Comanche = Great Plains
Natchez, Choctaw, Creek, Yuchi, Seminole, Cherokee = Southeast
Papago, Navajo, Hopi, Zuni, Pueblo, Apache = Southwest
Yakima, Palus, Nez Percé, Walla = Plateau
Pomo, Chumash = California
Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nottka, Chinook, Tillamook = Northwest Coast
Ottawa, Winnebago, Sauk, Fox, Miami, Shawnee, Huron, Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Narraganset, Mohegan, Pequot, Delaware, Powbatan, Algonquian = Northeast Woodlands
Walla Walla, Northern Paiute, Paiute = Great Basin
Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Senece, Narraganset, Mohegan, Pequot, Delaware, Powbatan, Algonquian




2) What is your general impression of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus?
Peaceful, quiet, very humble... and Columbus just had to come and ruin it all. >:[

3) What groups formed the Iroquois League? When was this group formed and for what reason?
Seneca, Onedia, Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk... and in 1720 later Tuscarora. This group formed to protect each other from other forces and they all united under nature to make a powerful nation that joined in 1500's. 

4) What are hieroglyphics? What Native groups used them?
The form of writing/recording history with symbols or pictures to represent things, ideas, sounds, and daily life in the era, developed by the Maya and used by Egyptians.

5) What type of dwelling was common among the people of the Southwest?
Stone dwellings known as Pueblos!!!

6) What was the first crop raised by Native Americans in Mexico?
Maize.

REVIEW FROM YESTERDAY - you should know and answer the following:

1) What was the population of the Americas in 1491?
Some used to believe that is was around 1-2 million. But others claim there were more than 100 million and that the small one-million/two-millions are Native populations after disease struck them and wiped them out.
2) What advantages did the Europeans have over the Native Americans?
Diseases! They brought diseases over and that drastically lowered the number of Natives that were in the way of the arriving colonists. They also had modern supplies, like
3) How did the crusades effect (or lead to) the discovery of the Americas?
It left the middle land/Jerusalem out of European rule, and in order to get certain goods and products/materials from the Eastern Lands. But taxation and tension led the Europeans to reluctantly travel east in order to make trade with the Chinese/Japanese/Indians. People needed to explore more trades routes from the West in order to circumnavigate the globe and end up on the other side of Asia to avoid interaction with the middle east.
4) What did Europe want in the East Indies (China, Japan, India)?
Commodities such as spices, herbs, and many other necessities of trade.
5) How was Marco Polo important to the Discovery of the Americas?
He ventured around to find more trade routes which inspired Christopher Columbus's journey?