Final Study Time

4. By accepting Germany's demands. The leaders gave Hitler and the Nazi regime Sudetenland and met German offers over and over again.
5. December 17, 1941 at 7 something in the morning.
6. War Production Board supervised the new actions going towards the benefit of industries producing enough war-time goods. Auto companies stopped building cars and began making trucks, citizens couldn't buy as much stuff to save produce for the soldiers, and labour disputes were quickly settled to halt any unnecessary unproductively.
7. Pushing towards Germany from the West while Soviets pushed towards the East.
8. Harriet S. Truman
9. Their refusal to surrender after their loss of the war was evident. The code of honour in their culture made them refuse to give up, so America went to the extreme.
10. Because it allowed Hitler to take Poland without retaliation from the Soviet Union as well as other war-ish actions.
11. Because it was important that there was enough food and supplies for the soldiers
12. Because they were allied with Britain and France and there weren't any important events affecting America directly in the pacific since Hitler was focusing his terror in Europe to begin the war with.

1) What was Manifest Destiny?
It was the idea that the newcomers to America had been granted by God the ability to take over the whole continent of America and bring the word of God to the native inhabitants. (which ended up with the near extinction of many Native American tribes... jerks.)

2) The Oregon Territory consisted of what area? Who claimed it?
The Oregon Territory consisted of, obviously,  
3) Who were the Mountain Men?
4) Why was the Oregon Trail important?
5) Discuss the meaning behind the slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"?
6) James Polk made what promises to the American public during the election of 1844 (list four - you might need to look up on the internet).
-To acquire California from MExico
-To settle the Oregon Dispute
-To lower a number of different tariffs
-To create an American sub-treasury
-To only serve one term as president
Polk was the only president to fulfill all the promises he set out to achieve.  

7) Discuss how Texas became independent.
8) Discuss the battles of The Alamo and San Jacinto.
9) How long did it take the U.S. to annex Texas? Why?
10) How did the Mexican-American War start? Why did it start? Was it a "Just War"?
11) What was the American response to the war?
12) List the major battles of the war.
13) What was the cost of the war?
14) Why was the California Gold Rush important?
15) How did the Civil War shape our lives today?
16) Name three ways the Civil War changed the South.
17) What constitutional right did Lincoln suspend?
18) List the four border states.
1. Kentucky
2. Delaware
3. West Virginia
4. Missouri
 
19) Why did West Virginia form?
20) What disadvantages did the South face?
21) Why did the Confederate States believe they had a right to leave the Union?
22) What were the three main strategies of the Union?
23) What was the average age of soldiers who fought in the Civil War?
24) What was the outcome of Bull Run?
25) Discuss the Battle of Shiloh.
26) What were Lincoln’s reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation?
27) What did the 13th Amendment do?
28) How was the Civil War a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight?
29) Discuss the draft laws in the north.
30) Discuss the importance of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.
31) How did Sherman use “Total War” against the South?
32) Who were the Presidents of the Confederacy and the United States during the Civil War?

Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln

33) What, exactly, did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
34) What were Amendments 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19

Battles:
=-= Gettysburg =-=
=-= Appomattox Courthouse =-=
=-= Antietam =-=
=-= Shiloh =-=
=-= Bull Run =-=
=-= Chancellorsville =-=
=-= Sherman’s March to the Sea =-=

People:
-- Albert Sidney Johnson
-- Ulysses S. Grant
-- Joe Johnson
-- Joe Hooker
-- Tecumseh Sherman
-- Robert E Lee
-- Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson
-- A.P. Hill
-- James Longstreet
-- Booker T Washington
-- Sojourner Truth
-- Harriet Tubman
-- Frederick Douglas

35) What was the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment?
36) How was the 14th Amendment reinterpreted?
37) How was the 15th Amendment interrupted?

Be able to Identify the following people:
-- George Armstrong Custer
-- J.P. Morgan
-- W.E.B. Du Bois
-- James Butler Hickok
-- Theodore Roosevelt
-- Eugene Debs
-- Benjamin Harrison
-- William McKinley
-- John D. Rockefeller

Explain importance of:
ø - The assassination of William McKinley
ø - The Robber Barons and what they did
ø - The Jungle
ø - Why the Spanish American War was fought
ø - Wounded Knee
ø - Custer’s Last Stand
ø - Jim Crow
ø - Separate But Equal
ø - How the 14th Amendment was used to protect corporations?
ø - The Panama Canal
ø - Roosevelt and his “big stick”

Other questions:

38) What lands did America get from winning the Spanish-American War?
39) How did this war make America an Imperial Country?
40) How did Theodore Roosevelt rise in politics?
41) What was the Bull Moose Party?
42) Why is W.E.B. Du Bois connected with John the Baptist?
43) How many votes did Eugene Debs receive in 1912? What was his party?
44) What was the 16th Amendment?
45) What was the 17th Amendment?
46) Why did America become “Big Brother” to Latin America under Woodrow Wilson.
47) How did World War I start? Why did World War I start?
48) What were the divisions (or sides)?
49) Discuss the importance of the Lusitania.
50) Why, ultimately, did the United States enter World War I?
51) How many casualties did the Battle of the Marne have?
52) What was the Espionage Act? Do you consider this act legal?
53) How many Americans died in WWI? How many people died in total?
54) How was the world map reshaped after WWI?

More People:
-- Woodrow Wilson
-- General John J. Pershing
-- Eugene Debs
-- William Howard Taft
-- Upton Sinclair

55) Name five important books of the 1920s.
56) What was the first "talkie"? How did it change America?
57) Discuss the "Red Scare of 1919".
58) What was the 18th amendment? Why was it enacted? How did it go wrong?
59) What is important about Henry Ford? How did he change America?
60) What is important about Charles Lindbergh? How did he symbolize the times?
61) How were stocks inflated? How did this cause the crash?
62) What was Black Thursday and Black Tuesday?
63) What was Hoover's view of Government relief programs?
64) What was the "Bonus Army"?
65) What happened during the "Hundred Days"?
66) What was the WPA and what did it do?
67) What were Roosevelt's FIRESIDE CHATS and why did they become important?

From the Packet:
68) What was Columbus looking for?
69)

Takin' Notes...!

Henry Ford --> First person to utilize the assembly line. He mass produced cars, raised the wages from $3 to $5 for his employees, and brought the cars prices down to the increase in supply. Without him, the cars wouldn't be so cheap, no one could use the cars except the wealthy. The road system of the United States wouldn't have been introduced as quickly as it was, and the migration west to California form the midwest would've been more violent and slow, perhaps causing many to stop short and settling maybe New Mexico or Arizona.

Charles Lindbergh --> He was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean on virtually no sleep. He returned to America and everyone saw him as a hero. It put into perspective the accomplishes and achievements that made the nation fun. It gave people someone to look up to and new heroes and status symbols that would later be sports stars such as Babe Ruth.

Pool operators --> Pool operators were the political bosses in certain cities. They used their power to give immigrants jobs and cater to the needs of the people in order to cultivate votes for their candidate. Once they had received enough votes to get whoever they wanted into power, they shut off the services and gifts given to people and stopped caring all together once they had achieved what they sought out to do! D:

Stocks inflated --> The people were buying stocks because the stock market was becoming a nation-wide thing that the public was getting into. They were owning shares in companies that were in the process of coming into their own, instead already wealthy companies that established world prowess. For the first time in American society, it seemed like everyone was investing, and the economy was flowing smoothly in appearance. However, in order to buy such stocks, there was such thing as paying in 10-20% incriments, and borrow money from stockbrokers, who in turn borrowed money from the bank, who are in another situation altogether. This caused a big crap once everybody started buying on a margin, and the money was empty and the stocks became worth less than they actually were going for. Debt began to pile up.

October 24, 1929 --> The day the stock market crashed, known as black Thursday, 13 million stocks were sold off. On Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, 16.4 million shares lost, and 29.3 million shares lost in between these two days. (Five days) Within days, a large amount of wealth within the nation vanished. This started the Great Depression and plunged the country into the darkest of times.

Government relief programs --> Hoover felt that they were socialist and communistic. He felt that the business would right itself, and the depressions were just phases that were just natural in a capitalistic economy. Hoover didn't want America going towards being a socialist state.

Fireside Chats --> The Fireside chats were a radio program for Franklin D. Roosevelt. He became the first president to use mass media to appeal to the American people. He would sit down and have a conversation with the people in their living rooms and it gave the country a connection with the man in charge, and they felt that they had the know in what was going on and how the country was running. He also encouraged and kept the people lively during the hard times.

Depression Programs --> Some programs set up during the depression, as part of the New Deals that are still a part of today's life: Social Security, Minimum Wage, Limit on hours per week, Child Labour, Government Insured Banks, Certain Buildings part of the WPA like Fort Knox.

Philosophical WWI --> Serbian search for Independence and nationalistic recognition. The system of national allies and the amount of treaties being signed with countries and countries. Therefore, whenever one country goes to war, the others have to keep their promises and retaliate with their allies which in turn, causes THEIR allies to help out in the effort, and eventually the whole world was killing/stabbing/shooting each other.

Bonus Army --> The Bonus Army was a collection of WWI veterans that were promised $1,000 pensions around 1945. However, many people were losing jobs and the economy was headed down a bad road, and the veterans wanted it sooner so they could keep their families going. They demanded the federal government give them the money but they refused, so they camped out in D.C. until their demands were met. Douglas MacArthut and Dwight D. Eisenhower took action and scurried them off when the camping/loitering/protesting got too much. 

Hundred Days --> Roosevelt established New Deal. Many administrations were set up, such as the Civillian Conservation Corps, Federal Relief Administration, Works Progress Administration, many many others, and 15 proposals to congress, all of which were passed. It was an amazingly productive time that was unmatched by any president before Roosevelt. Now, presidents are judged on the first hundred days in office to see what they can do and if they live up to their campaign speeches. (And they always do...)

Harding's Presidency --> Once he was elected, he admitted he was qualified and had no clue what the hell he was doing. He elected many cabinet members and selected friends to fill other seats in the house. These came to be known as the Ohio gang and the corruption was disgusting. There were bribes being accepted, the friends would start underground businesses, but none of them were ever tied to Harding. He was just stupid and that was the downfall. 

Marcus Garvey --> Big Black Guy!!!!!! He was born into a poor familiy in Jamaica moved to New York, and he wanted black people to leave America and return to Africa. He felt that they should be proud of the heritage of black people, and he had a mass following. He had Garveyites that would don ridiculously awesome outifts and march around preaching his message. Garvey started the Black Pride movement and started UNIA, inspiring Malcolm X, MLK Jr., and Black Muslims in the near future.

Huey Long --> This guy was the devil I think. He wanted to tax the rich and give every poor American, a house, a car, and an annual income of $2,500. He was a very corrupt man that would've been America's first dictator, yet he was assassinated shortly after he could've been elected and America was saved from a man who looks strikingly similar to Hitler mixed with that one guy from that jewelry show that I don't like.

WPA --> The Works Progress Administration. It employed millions of unskilled and untrained workers to do public works such as build roads, set up railways. It's primary purpose was to help the country by performing public works and giving many poor Americans jobs in a time where the unemployment rate was approaching upwards of 25%. It also hired writers, photographers, and painters, to collect folklore, document American life, and share stories of the culture of the country as a whole. Very important program as far as what it actually did to the country and stimulating the population.

WWI change U.S. --> Economically powerful after the war. Emerges from the war as one of the world powers, where before the war, US was budding into its own and was on the line of practicing isolationism.

Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities

2. What did the Bonus Army want the government to do?

They protested outside of the capital, and wanted the pensions they were promised for World War I sooner because the country was going through economic turmoil. They were denied their money, and MacArthur/Eisenhower came in to break up the Army and killed two war veterans. Big no no. >:o

3. What was the New Deal?

The New Deal was the collective name for the laws, acts, and programs that were past or set up during Roosevelt's first term as president. Among these were the Civillian Conservation Corps, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the National Recovery Administration, the Public Works Administration, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

4. How did the CCC benefit the unemployed as well as the nation?

It gave many young men the opportunity to have to an easy job, planting trees, establishing parks, and restoring run-down areas of cities, and benefitted the well-being of the areas in which the people were working.

5. In what region was the Dust Bowl centered?

In the Midwest: Oklahoma, Kansas, Parts of New Mexico, Nebraska, Eastern Colorado, North Texas, South Dakota, Southeast Montana, and Eastern Wyoming .

6. Summarize the advances made by African Americans and women during the Great Depression.

7. What was the purpose of the Social Security Act?

To generate some income for the old, retired folk, as well as the unemployed, and disabled.

8. Describe two laws passed during the Second New Deal that helped workers and unions.

~The Fair Labour Standards Act, which set a minimum wage and a limit to the amount of hours one could work within a week.
~Works Progress Administration, which created many jobs, as this administration employed men and women to build many government buildings within cities, like airports, hospitals, and schools. 

9. How did the trend of buying on credit in the 1920's affect banks during the Depression?

Because people were beginning to be careless with the amount of money they accredited and soon enough, the people were starting to credit money from bankers who were crediting money from seemingly nowhere, and it created one big huge mess that ended up causing the depression.

10. How did new technology help cause the Dust Bowl disaster?

Nutrients in the soil were lacking due to the plows, the farming of wrong crops in the region. The soil became loose and devoid of any substance keeping it grounded. High winds spurred, and of course massive dust storms plagued this area of the country, creating what was known as the Dust Bowl! :(

11. Re-create the diagram below and list two ways the federal government changed during Roosevelt's administration:

Changing role of government leads to --> People began to step up and oppose FDR's reign. Dictators such as Huey Long were rising up, yet Long was assassinated and therefore couldn't have a dramatic effect on the federal government.

Chapter Twenty-Four

10. What is installment buying?

For just 10 small payments of $19.95, you too can purchase your very own Snuggie!!!!

11. What did Charles Lindbergh accomplish?

Flew across the Atlantic in 36 hours in an airplane. He was considered a hero by the American public after accomplishing such a feat.

12. Name three important musicians.

Duke Ellington, Besie Smith, Louis Armstrong, Paul Whiteman, Bix Biederbecke, and King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band.

13. How was the Red Scare used to turn the public against unions?


The strikers from the unions were labeled red agitators and thought of as communists by the public, thus making them lose support.


14. How did President Harding feel about the League of Nations?

Along with Coolidge, Harding favoured minimum involvement with worldly affairs. They wanted World Peace, but didn't want to join the League of Nations because it would get them involved with international arguments.


15. What new forms of entertainment were available to the American people in the 1920's as a result of new technology?

Listening to Radio, Driving Automobiles, Watching Movies, Listening to Phonograph records,


16. Re-create the diagram below and describe what you think are the advantages and disadvantages of scientific management.

Advantages: Lowered costs. Increased productivity. Better wages. Birth of Assembly Line. (Could be good or bad :o )
Disadvantages: Propaganda techniques used to advertise.

Review Chapter 23 in Zeh Textbook

1) What ideas or ideologies lead to World War I beginning?
Nationalism, Serbian search for recognition/independence, 

2) Outline the specific events in 1914 that led to a World War.
Serbians wanted nationalistic recognition. Franz Ferdinand assassinated. Many people with alliances lashed out against Serbians. Serbian allies retaliated as well. Mass fighting and alliance-ing ensued. WWI (The Great War) hath begun...

3) What advancements in technology help create massive causalities?
Poison Gas, Tanks, Flamethrowers! (OH MY!) !#!@#!##@!R$@#!!@#

4) How did the forming of alliances increase the likelihood of war?
Pretty much obligated certain countries to enter war if someone they were associated with got attacked. The many alliances were building up to the point where had one country been attacked, the whole world would have to choose a side to stick with the terms they had agreed with 

5) List the Allies and the Central Powers during the war.
Allies: Portugal, France, Italy, Britain, Ireland, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Russia, United States of America.
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire.
Neutral Nubs: America (For a lil' bit), Spain, Persia, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, and Luxembourg
DON'T FORGET JAPAN!

6) Explain how world in Europe brought an economic boom for the United States.
The United Kingdom was struggling for supplies, materials, and just money in general. They were looking at America while it remained neutral for financial aid as well as a source of weapons and supplies. However, this put America at a disadvantage because they had hoped to remain neutral, but they were helping an allied country which made the Germans a lil' angry.

7) Briefly discuss the importance of the following battles: Marne, Verdun, Somme, Gallipoli, Argonne Forest.
MARNE: The battle of the Marne was one of the first battles in WWI with the British and the French trying to stop the German advance towards the Marne. (Marne is a river by the way. :o ) The battle was fought September 5 and 12, 1914. Prevented Germany from invading Paris and boosted French morale. Made it evident that it was going to be a difficult war with no one side having a clear advantage over the other.
VERDUN: German offensive trench warfare move. Occurred in Northeastern France for more than 10 months. Longest/bloodiest battles of the war amounting to 750,000 deaths for both sides.
SOMME: While the battle of Verdun was commencing, Britain and France went to North France in July for an offensive. Again, high number of deaths/casualties, Allies only gained 7 miles of advancement.
GALLOPOLI: British and French effort to try to capture Istanbul in the Ottoman Empire territory. The battles help the Turkish War for Independence go underway as the aging Ottoman Empire was falling.
ARGONNE FOREST: 

8) Who was the U.S. General in Command during the war?
General John Jay Pershing

9) Write three questions of your own based on information that you found interesting in these sections.
Why didn't the government let people eat? :(
Why did the Marines refuse black people? :(
Why did the Germans have to be so mean and keep blowing up ships? :(

Wednesday Grooop Stuff

Polly has been workin' on the railroad...

Railroad: By 1900, there were 250,000 miles of railroad track laid. James J. Hill and Cornelius Vanderbilt were the railroad barons at the time, controlled up to 90% of the railroad at the time. Because of this, they could charge whatever price they wanted to people. However, they could cut deals for their rich buddies so they could travel at lower prices.


Railroad transport was very important as it moved resources from the west-to-east, east-to-west.


Railroad technology: Air brakes, refrigerated railcars, luxurious sleeping cars, electromagnetic braking systems, as well as dining cars.


Railroads also affected how Americans thought about time, people would measure the trip into how many hours it was instead of miles, and this is how time zones came about!


Improved communication inventions: Telephone made in 1876, telegraph.

Other inventions: Kodak Camera invented in 1888, Lewis Latimer improved on the lightbulb, giving it a threaded socket and an improved filament, automatic shoemaking machine.


Thomas Edison inventions: Telephone transmitters, storage battery, electric lightbulbs made in 1879, phonograph made in 1877

THE AGE OF BIG BUSINESS!

      Oil was one of the biggest industries back then, and people were finding better, more efficient ways to get it out of the earth faster. Cars were becoming powered by gasoline which helped people get the oil faster and with more reason. Steel business was booming with all the railroads being built and in heavy use. Development of new manufacturing tools made steel very inexpensive.

     The corporations grew larger. J.D. Rockefeller and his railroad business and Andrew Carnegie with his steel industry were becoming highly successful.

Many mergers happened at this time, since there many monopolies, people would combine businesses to form corporations to be more beneficial to both parties. 

SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT

This law was in 1890, and it sought to protect trade and commerce from unlawful restraint and commerce. However, it didn't fully define trusts or monopolies so people began to reinterpret the act.

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS!

     In 1800's most working women were domestic servants, but then by the 1900's more than 1,000,000 women worked in the industry. But since no laws regulate women's salaries, they earned half of what men earned for the same work.

In 1900, a thousand children under the age of 16 were working for the industry. Many states began passing laws that children couldn't work until they were 12 and couldn't work more than 10 hours a day.

Unsatisfied workers formed labor unions so that they could get better working conditions and salaries for them.



HAYMARKET RIOT!

    Seven people died... thanks to Manda's bomb. Way to go! :)

THE OTHER GROUP'S STUFF!

ACTS
Pendleton Act: 1883 - Established Civil Service Comission and set up exams for federal jobs.
Sherman Antitrust Act: 1890 - First federal law to control trusts and monopolies.
Interstate Commerce Act: 1887 - Required railroads to charge "reasonable and just" rates & to publish these rates.
Meat Inspection Act: 1906 - Prevented bad meat/misbranded meat products from being sold.
Pure Food and Drug Act: 1906 - Required accurate labeling of food and medicine and banning the sale of harmful food.

CLUBS
Women's clubs were focused on cultural activities like music + painting. Many clubs gradually became concerned with social problems. When clubs refused to admit black people, they established their own clubs. 
Women vote nationally thanks to the 19th amendment in 1919 ratified in 1920. This was just in time for the next election! :D
Woman's social reform to protect children.
The WTUL women's trade union leagues encourage working women to form women's labour unions. It also supported laws to protect the rights of women factory workers. WTUL helped to raise money to help striking to pay bail for women who were arrested for participatin in strikes. 

THE 18th AMENDMENT: 1919 - Prohibition Law. Made it illegal to transport, make or sell alcohol in the United States.
THE 19th AMENDMENT: 1920 - Provided for woman's suffrage! They could finally vote and this amendment came just in time for the upcoming election. Woohoo! 


Political Bosses:
-to gain voters
-did favours for people
-provided jobs for immigrants
-helped needy families
-to gain money!
-accepted bribes
-received campaign contributions
-accepted kickbacks

~ PRESIDENTS - PROGRESSIVES ~
Teddy Roosevelt: In 1902 he ordered the Justice department to take legal action against certain trusts that had violated the Sherman Antitrust act. He targeted the Northern Security compant, the trust was broken apart. He obtained a total of 25 legal charges against beef, oil, and tobacco companies. He made the united mine workers have a normal work pattern. He enforced the US forest service to help preserve nature. (Park Service :o )

William Howard Taft: He won more antitrust in four years than Roosevelt did in seven. He favoured the intro to safety standards in mines and railroad workings. In 1920, Roosevelt challenged Taft in the next election because he was disappointed in Taft. Roosevelt was angry because he didn't get a nomination on the first ballot so he made the Progressive Party. Neither of them on, Wilson did!


Woodrow Wilson: He achieved tariff reforms in 1913. That same year, Congress also passed the Federal Reserve Act to regulate banking. In 1914 he established the Federal Trade Commission to investigate corporations for unfair trade practices. He reserved millions of acres of land for natural forest preservation stuffs. People got more hours which meant more moneys!@#!@#!@#

More Questions ---Chapter 21

7. How did corrupt political bosses get voters for their parties?

Doing favours for people, being total brown-nosers and trying to build the most positive public image they could in order for the votes. Most of the time, they weren't giving a damn about the people, and just played the nice guy role to get who they wanted within a position of power.

8. Why were journalists important to the reform movement?

They brought corruption and injustice to the public eye through media. Because they were sifting through all the lies to find the truth for the American public, the investigative journalists soon came to be called "muckrakers" which I find to be a pretty cool word to say...

9. What amendment provided for the direct election of senators?

The Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913.

10. What amendment provided for woman suffrage?

The Nineteenth Amendment provided for woman suffrage, ratified in 1920.

11. What is arbitration?

"The settling of a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider."

12. Why did progressives form their own political party?

Because Roosevelt thought that Taft had stolen the presidential nomination from him as he was another Republican. Therefore, he made a new party to counteract this, called the Progressive party, which he was instantly elected as the Progressive candidate.

13. What was the purpose of the Federal Reserve Act?

To regulate banking by creating 12 national banks that were controlled by the central government. D.C. could keep a better eye on what happened with all the nation's wealth this way.

14. What is discrimination?

De people be hatin' on de utha folks cuz of de coluh o' dey skin, where dey from, where dey go t'church, and whutnot. (Or as the book says, "Unequal treatment because of race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth.)

15. What did Dr. Carlos Montezuma think about Native American reservations?

He felt that they were hurting the Natives, and he decided to become an activist and bring the problems out to the public that the government was abusing them. Montezuma wanted the Natives to leave the reservations and establish their own way in American society to prevent being holed up in a tiny reservation away from the world.

16. Why did Mexican Americans organize mutualistas?

They couldn't stand alone, especially as a minority is a very bigoted society full of whites. Therefore, the Mexicans formed groups to help one another so that their voice could be heard. Mutualistas did more than that though, they raised money for the Mexican cause and provided for insurance and legal help.

17. How did the Seventeenth Amendment give people a greater voice in government?

Because people now had more control over not just the decision over the executive branch of the government, but also the legislative as it gave direct election for state senators/representatives.

18. Why was the railroad industry subject to so many government regulations?

Because it functioned as an oligopoly (Another awesome word!) and big corporations controlled the prices of everything related to them. People thought this unfair so they wanted the government the step in, because legally they had the power to regulate prices and overall had more control since the railroad crossed state lines.

19. Re-create the diagram below and identify how these laws promote justice and insure citizens' rights.

19th Amendment provided for women suffrage, which was a huge step forward as they had very little rights before the 1920 ratification of this amendment.

History Questions

5. Implementation of the Standard gauge, air brakes, car couplers, refrigerated cars, and luxury cars for people to sleep in.

6. The Lightbulb! An automatic telegraph machine. The Phonograph. Motion picture projector. Telephone transmitter. Storage Battery.

7. The Telephone, Telegraph and the postal service, which helped people send letters from all around the country.

8. He made the automobiles run on gasoline. He also manufactured a ton of cars so that there was such a huge supply, driving the price way down.

9. Vertical integration is the joining of important companies who manufacture important resources vital to a large-scale corporation, into said corporation. It is most notable done by Andrew Carnegie as well as J.P. Morgan after purchasing Carnegie's steel plant and forming the United Steel Corporation.

10. In 1890 the government passed the Sherman Antitrust Act so that it could protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraint and monopoly. However, like many other bills/laws/amendments, people decided to be smartasses and atttempt to reinterpret the act because they weren't defined enough.

11. When unions take a position of power to settle deals with management for the benefit of the workers.

12. People were acting up, so the Haymarket Riot put the negative view of terrorism and chaos into the minds of the American people which disheartened them. (As you can imagine...)

13. Automatic Shoemaking machine. Improved lightbulbs. Electric Incubators. Electromagnetic brake system. Automatic circuit breaker.

14. Horizontal integration involved the merging of firms to build a corporation. Vertical integration involved merging companies that provided resources or equipment to help attain a certain purpose of the industry.

15. Because standing alone with a single voice isn't going to get the government/employers attention. Bonding together and forming a group (strength in numbers) is a better way to go about campaigning for something that is desired.

16. Railroad network --> Helped connect both coasts, increased resources flowing from west to east, east to west.

17. Railroad/Trains, Canals/Water travel.

18. The lumber industry due to the amount of how many Sawmills are marked on the map.

19. The South Bend iron/steel industry looks like it has tons of railroads and a notable shipping route coming out of it. It must have an important location. Ohio has two in the Northeastern part of the state, Pennsylvania has one, New York has one, and there's even one in Canada. :o

20. Central, Mountain, and Pacific zones.

21. Midnight, 12:00

22. Noon, 12:00

Doughnut Know Much About History...

How did the Civil War shape our lives today? 
It totally screwed over the South economy, ended slavery and indentured servitude, and kept us as one country instead of a divided nation of Confederates and Union...ers.

Name three ways the Civil War changed the South.
-Rise of the KKK
-Severely diminished economy and farmland.
-Congress felt the need to punish them once Lincoln was assassinated.

What constitutional right did Lincoln suspend?
Habeus Corpus - having a prisoner set free if significant evidence against the prisoner in question is not provided.

List the four border states.
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware.

Why did West Virginia form?
It was a admitted into the Union after the Wheeling Conventions and there was part of the Virginia state that wanted to be in the Union. Therefore, it seceded from Virginia, which was a Confederate State, in order to stay with the Union Forces.

What disadvantages did the South face?
Much less territory, only 11 states to the North's 23. There was a more noticeable disadvantage in the amount of people that were on each side, especially the number of those who were actually fighting. 22,000,000 people total in the North against the 9,000,000 Southerners. This was more than double and it meant that there was a great chance of you dying if you fought for the South!

Why did the Confederate States believe they had a right to leave the Union?
They felt independent and much stronger than the Union. They also wanted to protect their right to own slaves and felt the North weren't in a position to take away their biggest source of labour and economic growth. The South also wanted to keep state's rights and were in control of their own state, just how it was run back in the late 1600's.    

What were the three main strategies of the Union?
They blocked off the ports of the South so that no import or export could benefit them anymore.
They wanted to wage 'total war' on the whole South.
Control the Mississippi to control the West as well as important trade routes/systems.

What was the average age of soldiers who fought in the Civil War?
Most were 21 or younger, but the average age was about 25.

What was the outcome of Bull Run?
Thomas J. Jackson earned his famous nickname, Stonewall Jackson during this battle and led the Confederates to an important victory. First battle of the Civil War, fought just 20 miles or so from the Nation's capital. Made it apparent that the war was going to last a very long time. People sat and watched and had a picnic. :D

Discuss the Battle of Shiloh.
It was the bloodiest as well as the costliest battle in the war, and an important Union victory. More casualities in this battle alone than all American wars combined. The first day of the battle, the Confederates were in the lead, because the Union retreated to the Hornet's Nest. The important thing in the battle is the death of the Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston. His death, causes the Confederates to retreat and weakens their forces as a whole. Grant and Sherman start to go ham after this battle, taking over/destroying everything in their path.

What were Lincoln’s reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation?
He used it as a political tool, a scare tactic, to hopefully incite the slave revolts and runaways. This would severely hurt the South, losing their prime source of economic superiority.

What did the 13th Amendment do?
It outlawed slavery and indentured servitude except as punishment for a crime.

How was the Civil War a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight?
It was considered this because it was a war that decided which part of the nation would be in an economic advantage. Plus, the drafted men could pay their way out of it by paying a poor person to take their place. Whichever side won would also be in the economic advantage, since North would further industrialization, and the South would flourish in agriculture and slave labour trade.

Discuss the draft laws in the north.
If someone was drafted, they could pay their way out of it, or hire someone to go join the army in their place.

Discuss the importance of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.
Gettysburg = Robert E. Lee invading the North and it was a heavily bloody battle. Last time the South invade the North in the war. Turning point in the war, sort of like the Saratoga of the Civil War. 70,000 casualties compiled on both sides. The South loses so much men, and spends the rest of the war practically running from Grant. July 1st through the 3rd.
Chancellorsville = Southern Victory, Joe Hooker gets defeated, yet Stonewall Jackson dies. Robert E. Lee loses his secondhand man.

How did Sherman use “Total War” against the South?
By killing and destroying every single piece of land, well... pretty much anything he marched through. Whenever he led his troops, he annihilated the surrounding area.

Who were the Presidents of the Confederacy and the United States during the Civil War?
Jefferson Davis was the first and only president of the Confederate States of America, and Abraham Lincoln was the President (16th) of the United States of America.

What, exactly, did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
Freed the slaves in the south as a plot to get slaves to run away and possibly revolt. 

North consisted of Twenty-three states, including California, Oregon, and seven other territories. Population of approximately 22,000,000.
South consisted of Eleven states. Population of approximately 9,000,000.
Costs: Money:
North: $6,000,000
South: $3,000,000
Dead Men:
North: 360,000
South: 260,000
Total: 620,000 ~ 3.3 million served for both sides total. (Approx. 1-5 chance of dying.)

Homework Stuffs

11. What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise?
 To prohibit slavery north of a certain latitude line, except in the proposed state of Missouri.
12. List the five parts of the Compromise of 1850?
 Slave trade abolished in the Washington D.C. area, California becomes a free state, Utah and New Mexico have restrictions on slavery cut, the fugitive slave law comes into play that hurts those working for the underground railroad and already free slaves, and a defined border between Texas and Mexico.
13. What was Stephen Douglas's solution to the slavery issue in the Kansas and Nebraska territories?
 To let new settlers decide on a majority whether or not slavery will be admitted to a new territory.
14. How did Abraham Lincoln become a national figure in politics?
He was tall, had a cool beard, and wore a pro top hat. More importantly, he gained fame with his debates with many men and his intellect was made apparent that he was going to be important in years to come in politics.
15. What was the Dred Scott decision? What did it mean for those opposed to slavery?
Considering slaves to be property, a supreme court Justice makes a decision that repeals almost all Compromise up to this point in history, which upset many people.
16. Why were there four parties and candidates in the presidential election of 1860?
There were heavy disagreements that split the Democrats up into selecting to candidates for presidential election. The republicans  
17. How did Lincoln plan to prevent secession?
Sends troops to Maryland so that the nation's capital didn't fall to the South.
18. Why was the balance of free and slave states in the Senate such an important issue?
Because when there was balance, there was no majority in the senate and no side felt left out or underprivileged. Government did not want an uproar of hate and feuds/war so they tried to settle the dispute whenever a new slave/free state entered the country. (Such as the Missouri Compromise.)

19. Why did Northerners protest Douglas's plan to repeal the Missouri Compromise?
20. List three ways pro- or antislavery groups changed the structure of political parties in the 1850's.
The Republican party was born out of the events during this era, the free-soil party was created out of the Republican party later on, and the Whigs were seeing a drop in numbers and eventually faded away into nothingness. 
21. How did the North's larger population give it an edge over the South in the 1860's election?
It had more votes to go around which led to larger representation in the election in the Northern part of the country. The democrats had two candidates as well which split the votes up more, whereas the Republicans only had one candidate, Abraham Lincoln, who got all of the Republican votes of the north, for some Southerners weren't allowed to vote for Lincoln.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~--~ Chapter 16 ~--~
5. During what years was the Civil War fought?
April, 1861 - April, 1865
6. What 3 advantages did the Confederate states have in the war?
The Confederate leaders were much stronger than those in the Union. 
7. Who were the presidents of the United States and of the Confederate States of America?
Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United States and Jefferson Davis led the Confederate States for its entirety. 
8. What role did Clara Barton play in the Civil War?
She was a nurse/medic that is responsible for starting the American Red Cross.
9. Why did the union blockade Southern ports?
To cut them off financially so it'd be easier for the North to outproduce them to win the war with greater ease.
10. What was the outcome of the battle of Gettysburg?
The battle started with a large amount of Confederates that outnumbered the Union soliders, however the Union had come out victorious in this battle and this marked a turning point in the war due.
11. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
It ordered the Slaves in the Union fighting against the South were free and that the Confederate slaves would be free as well if they returned to the Union. More than 3,000,000 slaves were freed as Union soldiers advanced on Confederate lines and took action. This gave slaves an incentive to fight because if they fought they'd have a chance at their freedom.  
12. In what ways did African Americans contribute to the war efforts?
The tension between slave states, free states, balance/equality were big issues that built up to the start of the war. During the war however, Southern blacks weren't allowed to fight at first, yet the Union had many black volunteer soldiers that contributed to help the North compensate for the South's already huge number of men.
13. How did the Civil War hurt the South's economy?
The ports were blockaded which severely cut the South off from importing goods, and exporting their cash crops. the removal of slaves also hurt their livelihood and the cash crop and plantation work/production plummeted tremendously.
14. What terms of surrender did Grant offer to Lee?
The Confederates had to agree not to fight anymore and lay down their arms, but were free to go back to the South safely.
15. How did people of western Virginia respond to Virginia's secession from the Union?
They were super mad!@#!@#! Seriously, most were disappointed and it got to a point where the ones who disagreed with the secession, moved north to stay in the Union, away from their home state, just to stay away from the Confederacy. 
16. Why was controlling the Mississippi River vital to the North and to the South?
It was much like the Ohio River in the French Indian wars, it was a great barrier for whoever controlled it, and it was a source of many trade routes that would benefit the controller financially and led for easy transport for troops to different parts of the country as well.
17. Why do you think many leaders called for African Americans to be allowed to fight in the Civil War?
Because there were many African Americans to go around, and it would give both sides a boost in numbers. 
18. Why do you think General Lee was such an effective military leader?
He was professionally trained and had experience in previous wars which led to his decision making and leadership skills as well as fighting tactics.

Thy Questions of The Marvelous Chapter XII

1) What was Manifest Destiny?

The duty that God gave the white people to take full control of all American territories and bring life/civilization and technology to the people in order to introduce culture and positive change throughout the land. 

2) The Oregon Territory consisted of what area? Who claimed it?

"The huge area that lay between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains north of California." Wyoming, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana were among the present-day states that were in the territory. U.S. Spain, and Russia had claims in the area.

3) Who were the Mountain Men?

Americans who spent a lot of time in the mountains, engaging in trade with the Native Americans for fur and other goods. They were a huge community and would gather annually to compete and tell tales of adventures past.

4) Why was the Oregon Trail important?
Because it led the pioneers to Oregon, and the depression in the east helped the migration west to settle new land and find new stuff/jobs/wealth
 
5) Discuss the meaning behind the slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"?
The slogan for the Democratic party on the line of latitude for where they felt the national capital for Oregon country would be. If it wasn't the way they wanted, they would fight (go to war) about it. 

6) James Polk made what promises to the American public during the election of 1844 (list four - you might need to look up on the internet).
Promised to serve only one term.
Promised to colonize the Oregon country.
Promised to lower taxes.
Promised to take California territory from the Mexicans. 

7) Discuss how Texas became independent.
They needed to fight the Mexicans for independence. The Tejanos and Americans proclaimed their independence.  

8) Discuss the battles of The Alamo and San Jacinto.
The Alamo = Less than 200 Texan soldiers hold out for 12 days, fending off 1,000+ Mexican soldiers.
San Jacinto = Surprise attack on the Mexicans, capturing many captives and is the battle that ends with the taking of Santa Anna and the war as a whole.

9) How long did it take the U.S. to annex Texas? Why?
Eight years, and it took a while because the addition of yet another slave state to the nation might upset the balance of things. This was the reason Johnson hadn't done anything with the place, during his administration, but Polk does. 

10) How did the Mexican-American War start? Why did it start? Was it a "Just War"?
The Americans built a fort on the Rio Grande and the Mexicans got all mad and started attacking for it was built on their land which triggered the war. Perhaps it wasn't just because the Texans weren't really supposed to be in the land of the Mexicans and have no right to fight in the war. 

11) What was the American response to the war?

12) List the major battles of the war.
The Alamo. San Jacinto. Buena Vista. Monterey. Mexico City.

13) What was the cost of the war?
$100-125 million...?
 
14) Why was the California Gold Rush important?
Because it led to a lot of people moving west from all areas of the country in hopes to make it big by striking up a fortune in gold. California going 20,000 to 220,000 in a matter of 4 years really helped solidify the western United States and advanced the nation towards collecting more states to the union. Also brought the Mormons over to the west/Utah. 

15) Answer the following questions on page 380 - #6 - #10, #13-#15.
6. They remained on the 49th latitude line.
7. Because he didn't want to disrupt the ratio of slave states to non-slave states.
8. Strength in Numbers! Also, the borders on the east and west side would both be oceans instead of another foreign country. 
9. The invasion of their land. Annexation of Texas. Mexican doesn't sell it's land.
10. Because people were desperate to strike it rich and would buy anything because there was no other place to buy things around for miles. They needed the stuff, and the merchants charged quite a bit to make a fortune.
13. The states of Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, California, Utah, etc. etc. came out of it and the borders were the oceans instead of the foriegn countries/Rio Grande.
14. They were like "These fools be trippin'?" and they weren't all like "Whaaaat?". They felt it was just an excuse to hold land and take over everything. They were greedy little people!!!

Picture of Manifest Destiny

The picture is of the tall, white-robed lady (angel) that is bringing light into the undiscovered land. The area to the left is dark, and untouched by Americans and therefore it is hopeless. God has apparently given the duty to the Americans to fully control the land, and wherever they go, light is brought to the otherwise desolate area. The manifest destiny is how Americans feel they have the right to own all of the land area in America and to control everything in the new continent. God was guiding them on an adventure and the land was corrupted and impure without their presence.

History Reading and Such Questions

1) What are the three branches of government and what are the powers of each?
Legislative - Comes up with laws and show representation of states in Congress
Executive - Approves or vetoes laws, head of the country including the president as well as vice president and cabinet. President acts as commander-in-chief for armed forces/military.
Judicial - Court system, deals with the issuing the laws to the people so they can receive justice fairly.

2) How can these branches check and balance each other?
The Legislative branches can propose new laws, however, the Executive branch must review these and can decided whether or not they actually become laws. If the executive branch vetoes, then the Legislative can reverse the veto if it has enough support backing it. There must be a large majority for this to take place, but it can proceed if given enough help. There are many others for each branch to the other two.

3) What were the compromises to the constitution?
Slaves were to be counted as 60% of a person or 3/5. Also, the great compromise was Roger Sherman's idea of having two houses of Legislature that ensured an equal amount of senators for all states, as well as the House of Representatives that was based on a state's population.

4) Who wrote the Federalist papers?
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

5) What was the Bill of Rights? Why did some states demand its inclusion before they ratified 

the constitution?
It was an attachment to the Constitution that clearly stated the rights of the citizens so that the governments could not abuse their power. It was this reason that some states wanted it in the Constitution because they wanted to know that the government couldn't go corrupt and assume ultimate control over its citizens.

6) What were the anti-federalists main fears about the constitution?
That the document would take away the very thing they fought for in the Revolution. Their liberties were being taken from them they felt. The rich were to be catered to more than the common people as well, and as such, the Antifederalists were more inclined to agree with strong local governments that were close to a people.

~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~=~

1) Discuss the significance of Thomas Jefferson's quote: "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing...God forbid that we should ever be twenty year without such a rebellion...The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants."
Because the fact that the citizens act upon certain things that happen in the government means that they are concerned with their country and care. The fact they rebel is 

2) Why did Shay's Rebellion happen?
Because the government was promising pensions and compensations for the soldiers that fought in the revolution and they weren't getting them. The veterans were also farmers and were getting tired and fed up with the lack of payment, so they came together and started a rebellion.

3) The constitution is "a political creation, hammered together in a series of artfully negotiated compromises. Discuss these compromises.

4) What was the Virginia Plan?
Bicameral plan to split the Legislature with the House of Representatives and Senate.

5) "No person held in service" was a euphemism for what?
The 'S' word - Slaves  :O

6) List the basic Powers and Checks of the three branches of the government.
Legislatures could write bills, but the executives had the final say whether it became a law. If vetoed, the legislatures can in turn hold a vote of 2/3 majority in order for them to overrule the president's rejection. Then the executives can appoint Supreme Court Justices, yet the Legislatures can check that and make sure they're good or not, and the Judicials can make sure each action taken by the Legislatures and the executives is within the realm of legalism stated in the Constitution.

7) Who wrote the Federalist Papers and why did they write them?
- Alexander Hamilton
- John Jay
- James Madison
They wrote the papers to persuade the (landowning) public to accept the idea of a strong federal government that was being proposed in the Continental Congress' meetings.

8) Briefly outline the first ten amendments.
1. Freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
2. Right to bear arms.
3. No more housing soldiers in the houses of citizens.
4. No unreasonable search and seizures without warrants.
5. Cannot be tried for the same crime twice-various other court rights
6. Fair and quick trial
7. Right to a trial by jury
8. No cruel and unusual punishment
9. Rights of citizens
10. State's rights cannot be interfered with by the Federal Government

9) Who could vote in the first election (what parts of the population)?
The rich, landowning population. (Whites of course, No girls allowed, no Indians)

10) How did Washington D.C. come be located on the banks of the Potomac?

11) What did Jay's Treaty do?

12) What was the "Whiskey Rebellion" and how was it put down?
The farmers were tired of their whiskey being taxed, as it was a very profitable item for their economy. To counteract their loss of profits, they stormed in with a rebellion that was met with George Washington along with the largest regiment of troops he'd ever assembled there to shock the irate farmers. This made it so that no one would be rebelling any time soon as Washington had sent a symbolic message through this event.

13) Describe the election of 1800? How was it finally resolved?
 
14) Who was John Marshall?
The Supreme Court Judge appointed by James Madison at the end of his presidential term. 

15) Why did France sell its North America possessions (the Louisiana territory) to the U.S.?
Because Napolean wished to start an empire and he had a plan in place and the land to carry it out in. But when he set out to establish this empire, his men came down with yellow fever and a number of other variables led to a large cost to his cause. He abandoned his plan due to his inability to keep up with the payments of it and in turn sold Louisiana and Westward lands to America.

16) What did Lewis and Clark do? Describe their journey?
They traveled west and explored the land purchased from the French by Jefferson. They traveled to many locations, met many natives, and sent back some amazing research and findings. 

17) How did Hamilton incur the wrath of Aaron Burr? Was he right in what he did? How did the ordeal end?
He did whatever he could to prevent Burr from being president/vice-president. He wanted everyone to vote for Jefferson instead of him because he felt that Burr was a tyrant/untrustworthy man. Burr was furious and challenged him to duel which resulted in Hamilton succumbing to a fatal gunshot wound. And it would seem that Hamilton did

18) What was Jefferson's Embargo Act? Why was it unpopular and what was it suppose to do?

19) What did Tecumseh try and do?
He tried to build an Indian Alliance so they could stand up to the United States and prevent westward expansion.

20) Describe the Battle of Tippecanoe?
American victory. General William Henry Harrison, future president, annihilates the Indian retaliation

21) Most historians call the War of 1812 a draw. Why?
No progress was made, both sides sign a treaty that really puts them back to the state they were in before the war. No mention of impressment is made, which is the reason USA joined the forces. No side receives an advantage, people just died to put it simply. OH yeah, and they burned the White House. :(

22) Describe the Battle of New Orleans.
British attack the Americans led by Andrew Jackson in a completely lopsided battle leaving British with 2000+ dead, and 18+ American casualties. Oddly enough, this battle was fought a good week or two after the treaty was signed that ended the war. Nonetheless, it is still counted as an American victory...but it kind of was a waste of time. :O 

23) What did the Monroe Doctrine state?
America will not tolerate European powers in the Western Hemisphere. It was the final step toward American Independence and it put itself at the head of fixing all problems in that part of the world. They figured that Russia, Spain, Britain, etc. weren't necessary, because the Americans were feeling truly independent.  

24) What was the Missouri Compromise?
Missouri could be a slave state, but nothing north of the Mississippi state could. Southerners were worried that they would lose power if there wasn't an equal amount of free states as there were slave states in the Congress/House of Reps.

Free States: Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont.

Slave States: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North/South Carolina =, Tennessee, Virginia.

25) How was the election of 1824 decided? Why was it called a "corrupt bargain"?
Clay pushed the electoral college to vote for Adams instead of Jackson, who won the population vote, and lead to Adams being president with Clay becoming the Secretary of State. 

26) List some of the labels attached to Andrew Jackson.
A murderer, adulterer, and his mother was a prostitute.

27) Was Andrew Jackson an Indian hater? What did the natives call him? What "Indian Wars" did he fight in and what was the outcome? What was his native "policy" as President?


28) How did Jackson come to symbolize the common people?
His movement was a grassmovement. He changed the voting system in the western states, and removed the prerequisite of owning land in order to vote. He really worked for the common people and the everyman, which made a lot of people like him. 

Chapter 6 Questions - - - Trip Homework! D:

SECTION 1
><>
1. Write a short paragraph in which you define the following terms: NEUTRAL, MERCENARY, and RECRUIT.
In order to win this next battle, General Bilbo had to recruit--or enlist--many new soldiers. Unfortunately, there were no more young people willing to fight for Bilbo's cause. Bilbo needed to find some people who were neutral to his conquest, or didn't feel biased towards one side or the other. He took a trip to Australia to see if he could find any mercenaries there, soldiers who could be hired to help without their own opinions or attitudes conflict with whatever side they have been hired. With 5,000 Australian mercenaries, General Bilbo still lost the battle and was shot in the left foot three times. 

2. Compare the strengths of the British and the American military forces.
The British had a certain strength in numbers and supplies. They outnumbered the troops in many battles and after the Battle of Long Island, the Continental Army suffered a shortage of goods and items to keep their soldiers fed, clothed, and armed. However, the land was more familiar to the Americans and reinforcements/supplies were a long way away for the British. 

3. What problems did the Continental Congress face in raising an army to fight during the American Revolution?
The sheer lack of supplies that killed so many due to illness and weather-relating ailments. The soldiers weren't serving for long terms either, and there wasn't a big incentive to fight given the advantage the British had. At one point, African Americans had to be enlisted in order to make a firm military presence in the American land, but the South was very hesitant about giving guns to the blacks. 

4. Explain why African Americans were willing to enlist in the Continental Army.
Because they either, like the Americans, felt a strong Patriotic vision for the future of the country, they were in need of some money, because they were runaways, or because they were promised freedom if they fought.


5. Re-create the chart below and describe each battle, including its outcome, in the space provided.
Long Island - : This battle showed the Continental Army with less than 20,000 troops, putting them at an early disadvantage against the British who had many more supplies and soldiers than them. Because of this, the British had an easy victory, along with the capture of Nathan Hale, who was caught posing as a Dutch schoolteacher, spying on the Redcoats. He was later hung and delivered the classic line: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."
Trenton/Princeton - : This battle was a cheap-move, which had George Washington leading his troops towards a surprise ambush on the British soldiers housed in New Jersey. The general idea is that war is suppose to cease in the winter, or slow down, but no fighting should occur on Christmas Day. However, Washington chose to ambush on Dec. 25th, breaking all codes of honour, which led to an easy victory for the Americans, leading to the capture of over 900 Hessians. Before Britain had time to send reinforcements, Washington was already gone! :O


SECTION 2
><>
1. Write a short paragraph in which you define the terms: DESERT and INFLATION correctly. Use standard sentence structure and spelling in your paragraph.
Many of Mr. Ronald's students began to desert his class and were caught playing hookie outside of the schoolhouse. They were scared because he was teaching economics and told them that the amount of money 

2. Explain why the French did not publicly support the Americans until after the Battle of Saratoga.
Because they were unsure whether or not the Americans were able to pull out a victory. Once they started giving money secretly and the Americans won at Saratoga, the French began to publicly announce their alliance because they knew they were on the winning side at that point. 

3. How were the Loyalists treated by the Patriots during the war?
Obviously not very well. Their neighbours would shun them, beat them, throw things at them, arrested, sent to court, and even killed in some rare cases.


4. The Americans claimed to fight for liberty and freedom. How did these ideals make women and enslaved Africans question their positions in society?
The women felt that they had just as much access to fighting for liberty as men did. They wanted to be a part of the Revolution as well as get the same education as men. Of course this didn't really bode well for them as this was such a preposterous idea back in the time. The War also led to the Americans to begin questioning slavery, which gave Africans a more equal standpoint on fighting for liberty and freedom.

5. Re-create the diagram below and describe what happened when the Continental Congress tried to finance the war by printing money.

Printing money: -> Too much paper money being printed at one time.
                        -> Value of paper money plummeted due to the little amounts of silver/gold backing them up.
                        -> Paper money kept being used due to the lack of any other method of paying for war costs.

SECTION 3
><>
1. Write a short paragraph in which you use the following terms: BLOCKADE, PRIVATEER, and GUERRILLA WARFARE.
There were many merchants that were hired as privateers to empower the navy. However, it proved useless once the opposing forces put up the blockades, preventing any trade or travel outside the city lines. After long tribulations, it came down to guerrilla warfare, which consisted of them setting their boats on fire and disrupting the blockade allowing passage.

2. Explain why most Native Americans sided with the British in the conflict.
Because they believed that they posed much less of a threat to them than the Americans did.

3. How did the British navy use the location of the colonies to their advantage?
They set up a blockade outside the American cities so that no one could enter or leave.

4. Why was guerrilla warfare effective against the British?
Because it caught them off-guard. It made it easy for the Americans to fight with small groups that could easily evade British squadrons while still remaining effective in taking out numbers of redcoats.

5. Re-create the diagram below and describe the results of the Battle of Guilford Courthouse.

Battle at Guilford Courthouse -> Cornwallis abandons Carolina campaign.
                                             -> Huge hit to the British forces.
                                             -> Greene forced to retreat.


SECTION 4
><>
1. Use each of these terms in a sentence that will help explain its meaning: RATIFY and AMBUSH!!!
The jungle people ambushed the group of explorers, surrounding them and pointing spears towards their throats. Once they were captured and taken back to the village, the adventurers desperately tried to work out a peace treaty. Thankfully, the jungle leader ratified, or approved, or the treaty and sent the explorers on their way.

2. Describe how the French navy helped George Washington at Yorktown.
The large ships came in a supplied Washington with over 5000 troops. The second fleet came in and turned the tide of the battle after the British had trapped the first regiment. Washington made a complicated strategy that was successful because of the French naval forces coming in as backup.

3. What influence did the American Revolution have around the world?
It lead to the French Revolution in 1789 who wanted the same liberties and freedom that Americans were fighting for. Saint Dominigue had a similar revolt by the African slaves who took up arms against their French owners. 

4. What might have happened if the French fleet had not arrived at Yorktown?
The Americans would have had a larger disadvantage in numbers and the British could've escape by sea if the second fleet had not enclosed them in. 

5. Re-create the diagram below and describe the terms that the Americans agreed to in the Treaty of Paris.

Treaty of Paris:  -> Great Britain recognized America as an independent nation.
                         -> Americans got all land west of the Mississippi, and From Canada to Florida.
                         -> British troops left American land.
          ->Americans allowed to fish on Canadian waters.
          ->British merchants could collect American debts.
          ->Property taken from Loyalists had to be given back.

Chapter 5 Section 2 Notes and Stuff

          The British began to push out laws that the colonists of America were getting angry at. Everything wasn't going so well and the major events coming from this were catastrophic to the colonist's view of their former leader. 
Starting in 1768, the customs officers began noting that the colonist's were angsty and informed the King about such behaviour. Tensions rose when England sent regiments of Redcoats into America which lead to a flurry of anger and chaos. First of these benevolent acts, was the Boston Massacre on March 5th, 1770. This event was used against the British when Sam Adams and Paul Revere made propaganda posters and convinced most of America to start boycotting British imported goods. 

           British retaliated with the Tea Act in 1773 which put more of the colonists in a stir. The Sons of Liberty acted against them by throwing all the tea out of the harbour in the Boston Tea Party in December, 1773. 

           More acts followed, the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Acts which pushed the Americans over the edge. They began referring to them as the Intolerable Acts and it was very annoying to them. Most of them were committed to rebellion at this point, and the war was just months from starting!!!

Say You Want A Revolution Notes

King Philip's War - summer of 1676 ~ Metacom/King Philip
     Vicious war/Mohegan Indians vs. the English.
More of a genocidal mission than a war. 
Grandson of the same Indian man who contributed to the survival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth is sold into slavery...


Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion
~ 1676
~ Governor Berkeley
     limits colonist expansion! Hinders growth!
~ Bacon raises troops abd goes to kill Indians. Berkeley declares Bacon an outlaw. Bacon retaliates by burning down Berkeley's house. This causes British troops to come. Bacon dies of dysentery while before he was captured by the opposing forces. 


THEME: Government limiting power to a people. (Lead up to revolution!)


Salem Witch Trials
~ Demonstrates the power of religion in the governments.
~ Important: shows the dangers of the Church/state connection.
~ Started by three girls being strange, fulfilling their own amusement. 20 people died. :(
~ When church is the law, then people will be put to death for religious reasons and judgement will be less logical, causing corruption & accusations.


The Great Awakening
~ Jonathan Edwards sparked a widespread, religious revival in the 1740's.
     Wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."
~ Leads to the founding of many universities: Princeton, Brown, Rotgers, Dartmouth, among others. All very high-ranking schools in the modern day. (EXPENSIVE) O_o
~ Divisions of Church/State
~ Spirit of religious tolerance.


John Peter Zenger and his Printing
~ Put on trial for printing "advertisements" or political cartoons in 1732.
~ Freedom of the press.
~ Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton and won the case.


French and Indian War - (Lots of notes on a different post...)
~ The defining battle for world domination between British and French.
~ Things don't go the English way. They had more colonists in America than the French. However, the French had better relations with the Natives, and were more organizing. The English had more greed for land and goods than the French did. 
~ Need to Know: William Pitt --> Pittsburgh! :O
     Recognized for the conquest of North America.
     Capable of borrowing/raising money to win the war. Thinks not of the future, which leads to overproduction to force out the opposer, yet leaves tons of debt later.
Other Generals vital to winning the war:
James Wolfe
Jeffery Amherst <-- first person to practice biological warfare. Intentionally gave blankets to the Indians that were infested with small pox. :(
Small pox kills at least one-third of Washington's soldiers at Valley Forge.


Taxation
No one likes taxes! 
Colonists believed that the local governments were the only ones to taxes them. The King had no right to tax them to pay for the French and Indian War.


Sugar Act
Met with protests. Not as easily seen as Stamp act.



Townsend Acts
Follows the Stamp Act.


Stamp Act
Everything printed: Reels, Marriage certificates, playing cards, letters. All taxed and the colonists went nuts! Riots, Governor Hutchinson's house destroyed by a mob. Officers that issued stamps were run out of town and burnt. 


Tea Act
Tea act acted as a way for Britain to help the East Indian Company to survive as a business.


Intolerable Acts
~Close down Boston Harbor. 
No imports for the colony. 
~Revoked the Massachusetts Charter. 
The land is now the property of the King and there is no local command/government anymore. Insult to the colonists. Colonists forced to quarter soldiers in their houses without consent. 
~ Administration of Justice Act
People who rebelled would be tried in English since the colonists would be biased to putting their peers on trial. 
~ Quebec Act
Gave lands of the Ohio country to Quebec, which is French territory. HUGE INSULT TO THE AMERICANS! The land was the main reason the colonists wanted to get the French out of the area. Severely limits Westward expansion. 






Boston Tea Party
Throw the tea off the ship! Sons of liberty organized this in accordance to the tea act. 


Sons of Liberty - Group set up by Samuel Adams


James Otis - Comes up with the statement "No taxation without representation!" Has mental problems, not as important to the Revolution as others.

Crispus Attucks - One of the five killed in the Boston Massacre. Only one of the group that was African-American.

Paul Revere - Made the Boston Massacre propaganda poster. Most famous for riding in the middle of the night shouting and screaming about the British arrival.


Shot Heard 'Round the World - Lexington & Concord `-` April 1775
~ 77 militia men from America against the British army of 4000+ troops.
~ Americans start employing the guerilla warfare of the Indians, shooting the British army from cover such as trees and palisades. This drives the English forces back to Boston. America is just being unfair... >:[